·中国现有百万富翁300万,亿万富翁1000个
·中国的摩托车制造居世界第一
·在未来5年之内,上海将培养出137万名金融、网络方面的技术员与经理人
·中国是亚洲仅次于日本的第二大广告市场
·到2002年,中国的移动电话用户将达1.55亿
引言
市场改革与市场焦虑是一对孪生兄弟。谁将从中获益?是国内制造商还是外来品牌?市场改革强烈地刺激着本土企业紧紧抓住传统优势——诸如对本土市场的了解和一些分销诀窍,但同时也迫使它们反思各自的经营与营销战略。如果中国的制造商要想从市场改革中获益,就必须优先考虑战略性的营销创新。
中国企业及中国政府的领导人都相信,他们对本土市场的了解将继续在众多的行业领域内(如零售银行业务)带给他们竞争优势。但事实上,这种优势的杠杆作用,以及是否能真正地从中获益还是个问题。而今天的中国企业要想把这些潜在优势发挥出来,有必要采行一种基于对客户系统的了解的市场营销准则。中国企业需要的不仅仅是低价策略和对错综复杂的分销渠道的掌控,它们还需要利用品牌领导力和价格准则来获取足够的利润,像世界上许多基业常青的领导企业那样,在研究开发和营销创新上进行投入。
中国的营销环境
在当今的中国,市场研究和营销信息系统的建设都正处于襁褓之中,品牌意识和品牌偏好则正处在快速成长的发育期。提高产品质量和增强产品的创新能力已经成为当务之急。为降低分销管理的成本和提高其效率,需要加大投入并配以强有力的法律强制力量。对价格战的钟爱应当停止了,事实上,企业在提升自身的营销能力方面有许多的路可供选择。
随着中国经济的不断增长和多元化,顾客的偏好和行为将不可避免地发生变化。事实上,在越来越多的比较富裕的城市,顾客的品牌偏好意识已经接近了美国的水平。在没有任何帮助的情况下,根据所给的产品分类,美国消费者通常能说出七种典型的品牌。就药品来讲,比如说,北京的消费者可以在没有任何提示和帮助的情况下说出五种品牌;在比较新潮的广州,消费者几乎可以说出九种品牌(TC市场研究成果)。
在市场变革的晴雨表上,年轻一族既让中国企业满怀希望,又令他们头疼不已:洋品牌已经紧紧拽住了年轻人的心,像索尼、肯德基、耐克和李维斯等等就成了那些对休闲用品有足够支付力的人的购买首选。国产品牌像李宁、张陆美尽管在青年人群中也有较好的声誉,但所获得顾客忠诚度并不高,价格也得“看看再说”。对产品质量的考虑仍然是影响购买动机的主要原因。一旦这种品牌偏向形成,那么国产品牌所能提供给顾客的就绝不能只是“可接受的产品质量和较好的价格”。
值得注意的是,国内企业和外资企业在中国市场的增长都在8的水平。中国的国内生产总值已达到了1万亿美元,相当于美国市场的1/10,预计在今后十年,两国的这方面的差距还会不断缩小。今天,美国已经拥有了世界上最强的营销引擎,而中国,则正在打造这样的引擎。如果中国的企业家们能遵循现代营销管理的科学规律,他们最后注定能赢得10万亿美元的市场份额。
现在我们来看一看中国的市场营销面对的一些问题。
品牌
到青岛的人都会看到机场沿路上空悬挂着成千上万带有海尔品牌标识的气球,市政厅里陈列着海尔的冰箱、洗碗机、电脑、镜面电视及移动电话等等。(摘自2000年7月23日纽约时报)。张瑞敏先生在建设海尔强势品牌方面的成就备受赞誉:2000年,海尔冰箱在消费者中获得的认知率达到41,超过了竞争对手华凌35和伊莱克斯39,而张瑞敏还准备在全球扩张海尔品牌。广告和促销是品牌建设的必要手段,但还不是充分手段。
摩托罗拉现在已经在中国的广州、上海和成都建立了三个完全摩托罗拉概念的“摩托罗拉城”,就是仿照美国“耐克城”模式,后者是休闲产品零售的急先锋,每天顾客数量达4000人次。在“摩托罗拉城”内,你会看到,“最新的摩托罗拉手机象首饰一样陈列在玻璃盒里,它们看起来不象沟通设备,而更像时尚的装饰品”(摘自2000年11月24日纽约时报)。顾客经常在这种别致的购物环境中留恋几个小时,然后到街上别的地方以便宜10的价钱买一款自己相中的手机。但是,这并不重要,正如摩托罗拉的一位经理所说:“提升摩托罗拉的品牌形象远比手机销售量重要得多。”
同时,摩托罗拉也有自己清晰的战略目标,那就是抓住和留住高端客户。他们认为,中国本土的竞争者,如康佳和中兴,会在价格上和自己争夺低端市场,而利润主要集中在更需技术创新和设计新思维的高端市场,这一块不仅利润率高,而且竞争也没那么激烈。因此,摩托罗拉的品牌建设就主要以能带来较大利润的高端客户群为焦点。
海尔和摩托罗拉都是相当成功的企业,但他们所走的品牌之路迥然不同。就海尔来说,品牌就是一场大规模的促销运动……就是要让每个人都对海尔的名字琅琅上口;但对摩托罗拉而言,品牌就是要在目标消费者心目中建立起认知价值和品牌偏好的一场战略运动。海尔运用的是战术,而摩托罗拉运用的则是战略。
有人估计,到2005年,中国家电业足以与大型外企,如伊莱克斯相抗衡的国产品牌将只剩两、三家。在经过是做自己的品牌还是中国化品牌的艰难决策之后,洋品牌正在卷土重来。和惠尔浦一样,伊莱克斯也曾经有过撤离中国市场的念头,但终于决定留了下来,并且学习海尔,建立了自己的分销系统,同时把自己世界一流的售后服务引进中国,目前在市场中的位置不断上升。而惠尔浦却在竞争中落伍了。
战略性的品牌建设并非仅仅建设品牌意识。再好的品牌也会有丧失活力的一天。Pepsident牌的牙膏和Chesterfield香烟在今天的美国已经找不到了吧;曾是全美最大的男装连锁经销商的Robert Hall,现况又如何?Howard Johnson旅馆,Burroughs, Wimpies, Hallicrafter, Lifeboy,环球航空等等——许多品牌都在衰落,这些品牌过去的广告做得很好,名声也很响,后来却丧失了带给目标客户群更佳价值的战斗力。而他们的对手,像万宝路、Marriott,麦当劳、摩托罗拉、佳洁士,以及英国航空等等却能够说服重点客户群,带给他们更好的价值,所以获得了成功。
品牌偏好的关键并不只是大规模的促销,而是在企业核心顾客群中建立起对企业所承诺的品牌价值的信任感。像麦当劳这样的超级品牌,就是通过有策略地举办一些活动来说服众多家庭到它那里去就餐。它创造的娱乐室和游戏节目,如戴帽子的小娃娃,就是服务于这样的策略的。
由于成年男性占据了啤酒消费者中的绝大多数,所以百威啤酒就把他们作为自己的目标消费群;Newport则把自己香烟市场的目标客户定位在非洲裔美国人,如果不是在一定的目标市场上占有优势,它可能已经消失在众多的烟草品牌中。事实上,单一的产品不可能满足所有顾客的需求。即使是像可口可乐那样的超级品牌也为软饮料市场不同口味的客户细分了不同的产品,健怡可口可乐与雪碧就是其中的例子。
中国国产品牌面临的最大挑战是,从依*大规模的广告和促销建立品牌意识,转变到通过战略性的步骤建立起能让目标顾客感觉到的品牌价值。就这一点而言,海尔的张瑞敏先生的做法可能是错的:仅仅使海尔的牌子停留在消费者的嘴边上是不够的。Fairfield Inn的生意因其家喻户晓的名头而兴隆,Countyard对营销人员来说耳熟能详,高级经理们一提到Marriott无人不晓,而Marriott’s Bulgari旅馆将为富裕的旅行者所熟识。海尔也许有必要为她的高端和低端冰箱起不同的名字:一种允许海尔在不损害其品牌价值的情况下参与价格竞争的品牌体系。毕竟,惠尔浦拥有自己的高端Kitchen Aid品牌,而Sealy Mattress也拥有Stearns和Foster品牌……
中国的国产品牌中,只有那些深谙市场细分之道及针对目标细分市场建设品牌的企业,才能在与老道的国际品牌强者的角逐中立于不败之地。
通路
中国目前有400个香烟品牌,这种多品牌的状况与在长期稳固的行业环境中集中资源建设具有增长潜力的品牌的论断相矛盾。造成品牌分散的原因主要有以下三个方面:一是地区口味的差别;二是由于大范围内分销网络的不健全;三是在巩固和加强分销商的忠诚度方面有困难。关于第一个因素,企业应该把中国当作一个更类似欧洲而非美国的市场来看待。基于不同的地区文化、法律、品味及只能通过政治力量与媒体力量慢慢消化的权力结构,欧洲商业表现出多样性。相反,美国市场则具有显著的同质性。
第二个因素更具有约束性。中国尚没有一个完整的运输体系来支持全国性的分销网络。国内的一些企业,如青岛啤酒已经成功地解决了这个难题。青岛啤酒在从深圳到北京的广阔的范围兼并了22个酿酒厂,这些酿酒厂在当地生产和销售主力品牌(青岛)或当地价格较低的品牌啤酒。相比之下,其它一些外来品牌在分销环节上做得不够成功,如Fosters 和Anheuser-Busch试图通过建立单一的庞大的生产基地来统一供货,但最终由于分销能力有限而失败。其他的一些外来品牌,如“百事”,为了将产品分销到广大城镇和乡村市场,正学习在主要分销地和目标分销地之间建立广泛的分销点这种做法。
在中国做产品销售和进行品牌建设对营销人员来讲都面对着很大的挑战。在有些行业,企业在向其他地区继续渗透之前,必须战略上首先控制一个地区。对于一个新品牌来说,一开始就大规模地开展全国性的营销活动是否正确?时机是否成熟?Anheuser-Busch 和 惠而浦的失败表明:全国性品牌的建立可能还得从建立地区性品牌做起。
第三个因素涉及到建立强大的地区性、全国性市场的核心问题。只有在经销商得到了稳定的货源保证及稳定的质量保证的情况下,产品才能够顺利进入市场;同时,厂商也希望经销商能保证遵守彼此达成的分销协议。商业性法规和良好的人际关系则有助于维持这种互利的合作关系。
美国的Durawool有限公司与中国珠海某冶金公司签定合同,共同生产用来制作汽车刹车片的毛料纤维,Durawool原计划将产品销往中国以外的汽车刹车片制造商。珠海方面的高级主管人员签署了一份生产工艺保密协议。但是,随后不久,珠海方面一位其本人并没在该协议上签字的重要经理离开了这家公司,并利用Durawool公司的有关技术自己办了Sonny钢毛有限公司,向Durawool公司的美国客户报出较低的售价。Sonny公司的CEO认为他的行为是合法的,理由是他自己并没有在那份未公开的协议上签字。而Durawool公司则说对方侵犯了自己的合法权益。于是,一纸禁止Sonny公司出口其产品的诉讼就提交到了美国法院。这也就通常导致了双方分销协议的寿终正寝。(摘自1996年5月28日纽约时报)
中国支持在某些行业所进行的有效渠道建设,其中韩国的三星就是极好的一例。三星公司通过“渠道建设小组”为其显示器业务制定了很好的分销战略。它没有在各个城市都设代理商,而是在中国的七个行政区域建立了总代理制度,这些地区包括沈阳、上海、南京、武汉、西安、重庆、成都、福州和广州。为适应这种分销格局,三星专门为这些地区招聘了10个地区经理,另外,还招聘了10个经理分别负责不同产业的垂直细分市场。每个地区的代理商与其所在地的分销商共同工作,这些分销商分别有自己广泛的分销地域。在显示器行业,这是一种强有力的渠道管理结构,这种运作已经使三星成为中国同行业中的领头羊(中国商业周刊,2000年12月8日)。
三星公司拥有广泛的产品生产线和当地生产的能力以及辛勤建立起来的全国性品牌都有力地支持了其广阔的分销系统,特别是它的产品线,通过对每个主要区域及城市提供成本有效且有针对性的产品而支持了其在分销上的投入。相比之下,索尼公司,迄今为止,也只在中国找到了一块小小的利基市场。索尼的品牌,因其绝好的品质与声望内涵应该是比较能吸引人的。但事实上,索尼在中国市场的份额并不大,产品线也稍嫌窄了一点。因此,索尼的分销系统中只有两个总代理,并且总代理的主要精力就投放在中心城市市场上。如果索尼将其高端渠道和形象继续在市场中延伸,它将在长期运营中受益,并且其分销渠道也会逐步建立起来。
定价
这些年来,国内企业发起了一波又一波的价格战,价格战导致了家电、电脑等行业的利润越来越薄。受到外来品牌威胁的行业巨头们已经多次使用降价手段来保持他们的优势地位1。然而,生产过剩的家电等行业的企业正忍受着“自然选择”的痛苦,他们将走向合并,最终只能有2-3家品牌幸存下来。通过价格行动来建立市场份额是商业竞争中的最常用的手段之一2。运用价格战来竞争时,一个战略性的问题是:当价格战结束时,我们如何为同时赢得“市场份额”和“市场信心”而给自己定位?价格战结束后随之带来的一个更大的问题是:“如何确保我们的顾客再次为我们的品牌价值再度付费”。
经过二十年的高速发展,中国在许多方面的生产能力已经超过了其国内的市场需求。现在全行业大概有2000万台的电视机、800万部空调、1000万台冰箱、1100万台洗衣机的库存,其直接结果是爆发了疯狂的价格战,这些价格战使消费者和产品的价值都大大降低。对这种形势所采取的措施之一是使不同行业的企业之间进行相互兼并,但是,这依然不能在短期或中期内解决庞大的库存问题。一种通常的策略是通过出口向国外销售减少库存量,但这也同时会带来反倾销的诉讼问题,并且从长期的市场渗透潜力上来讲几乎无益。
海尔是中国领先的制造商品牌之一,至今已经成功占领了美国25的小冰箱市场。海尔的酒类冷却器在Best Buy中广泛有售,Best Buy是美国第一级的折扣商品零售商。海尔最近已经在有步骤地在电子领域和其它领域进行多元化投资来扩大生产线,这是海尔作为制造者和品牌建设者成功地进行资本积累的一种方式。但是,有一种趋势是,全世界的领先品牌正日益转向采用另外一种可行的战略——通过将生产外包而集中精力运作品牌获取利润,而不是用保留各种生产线的方法来达到目的。耐克便是这种运作的一个典型案例。
国内与海尔类似的电视和电子制造伙伴能否在美国为营销海尔而贴牌生产呢?海尔是应该在自己并不熟悉的技术领域里进行巨大的生产投资,还是应该通过运作品牌和提高营销水平来带动其产品线的成长呢?
对高质量的制造商来说,清理过剩的另外一种策略是将他们的产品通过大众化的平价零售商店来出售。这就需要自己能与这些零售商结成共同承担风险的伙伴关系,而不仅仅是做一个典型的生产企业。这种方法将会比倾销能卖一个更好的价钱——毕竟,倾销只是对购买者有益。需要牢记的原则是:“不要倾销,考虑营销”。Ames是美国的一家连锁公司,拥有298家连锁商店,家用电器销售额达到7900万。它的顾客都非常信任Ames品牌和其所出售的质优价廉的商品。他们不会为追求品牌而到Ames来购物。中国的家电制造商们应该为这一块巨大的零售市场制定个别品牌战略。
产品
中国的制造商们面临着以下三个方面的产品问题。首先是质量问题,其次是产品专业化问题,第三个是产品创新问题。质量的提高可以使标准化的产品(如冰箱、手机、彩电等)在市场上更具竞争力;产品专业化可以使中国进入一些高端产品的市场,这意味着可以以较高的价格卖出并获取较高的利润率;第三个阶段是产品创新,较早地采用新技术不仅可以获得最高的价格和丰厚的利润率,而且可以确定企业在市场上的统治地位。
国内企业的高级经理人一直在努力,他们试图改变外界对“中国制造”所形成的“低质低价”的印象。为了在国内市场上与外来品牌竞争并取得成功,为了在全球市场上*品牌价值赢得市场份额,中国的高级经理人应努力使产品质量与外国产品相匹配。当海尔的张瑞敏确立海尔质量方针时,他成功地引起了大家对质量的关注。有一次,由于一台坏冰箱引起了一位顾客的抱怨,张瑞敏检查了全厂并发现了76台有质量缺陷的冰箱,他把这些有缺陷的机器堆在一起,并当着安装这些机器的工人的面挥动大锤,将其砸烂。在他的带领之下,工人们在生产冰箱时格外小心,废品率大大降低。他的这种非常规的处置次品的方式深深地影响了每位员工,他通过这种方式很明确地告诉其员工:产品质量低下是不能容忍的(纽约时报,2000年7月23日)。这种强有力的方法奏效了,时至今日,海尔已经在发达国家市场上拥有62家经销商和约3000个分销点。
由于中国即将加入WTO,张瑞敏认为,中国企业将无法在国内市场占有优势,除非它们能在发达国家占据一定的市场份额。质量策略决不是仅仅为出口的目的,而且也是为在国内市场上取得成功并获得利润。
缺少最新技术可能会使国内企业付出高昂的代价,当国内企业在VCD市场占有优势的时候,他们在开发DVD产品上的进展非常缓慢。因此,松下、飞利浦、索尼、先锋等企业抓住了DVD这块大饼,国内企业只能分享很小的一块,并且还只能以很低的价格卖出,这将给国内企业从外来品牌手中夺回市场份额带来很大难度。
在价值链的技术这一环节上,一些国内企业正为此进行积极努力。康佳集团在1998年销售了470万彩电,占国内彩电市场份额的25。在外来品牌已经占有了国内市场的40-50,而且外来品牌彩电的技术水平也相对要高的情况下,康佳正计划将高清晰度彩电引入美国市场,它将以其他外国品牌一半的价格向市场供应大屏幕高清晰度电视。随着技术的提高和竞争价格的下降,康佳感觉到自己可以维持一个合理的价格、利润水平。在参与传统彩电竞争的同时,康佳正在积极追求新技术带来的利润。在消费类电子领域,康佳正通过技术进行跳跃式发展(纽约时报,1999年4月1日)。
由于外来品牌的彩电占据了彩电市场的半壁江山,中国的彩电制造商们已经意识到未来的竞争离不开技术的创新,通过降价扩大市场份额的时代将一去不复返。“熊猫”的一位销售总经理曾肯定地说:“没有技术的支撑和非常具有竞争力的产品,彩电行业将面临种种困难和危机”(中国经济周刊,2001年2月26日)。现在,国内已经有5个国家级的研发中心带头从事技术创新。创维已经推出了“健康电视”,厦华也推出了变频电视。
通过降价,可以赢得较多的低端市场份额,而采用新产品、新技术却可以赢得高端市场——一个可以创造品牌价值和长期受益的市场。“飞利浦”和“夏普”都把中国市场作为推出新型电视的首选市场,这些新型电视包括背投电视、等离子平面电视等。集中于研发和产品推广的策略将使中国企业加入到这场竞争游戏中来。
结论
结论--中国企业在营销中的五条指导性原则:
1.将营销战略集中于创造品牌价值。
2.要战略性地而不是战术性地定价。
3.将分销战略与长期品牌规划相结合。
4.利用顾客导向的研发投入,有选择地进入国内和国际的高端市场。
5.营销是一个不断学习的“游戏”,投资应该花在更好地了解客户需求方面,因为国外的竞争对手肯定会这么做!
Strategic Issues In Chinese Marketin
By Milton Kotler
·China leads the world in the production of motorcycles
·Shanghai will train 1.37 million technicians and manager over the next five years for the financial and internet sectors alone
·China is Asia’s largest advertising market after Japan
·China cellular customers will number 155 million by 2002
Introduction:
Market reform and market anxiety go hand in hand. Who will profit from reform Domestic producers or foreign brands Market reform s a strong impulse for domestic companies to cling to traditional advantages like local market knowledge and distribution know-how but it also necessitates re-thinking of business and marketing strategy. If Chinese producers are to benefit from market reform strategic marketing innovation must be a priority.
Chinese business and government leaders believe that local market knowledge will continue to lend competitive advantage to Chinese businesses in many industries like retail banking. But leveraging these advantages and profiting from them is another matter. Today China needs to practice a marketing discipline a discipline based around systematic knowledge of customers in order to bring latent advantages to life. China will need more than low price and mastery of labyrinthine distribution channels. It will need brand leadership and price discipline to capture the profits that fuel the R&D and marketing innovation found in the world’s leading “built to last” companies.
The Marketing Environment in China:
In present day China market research and marketing information systems are in their infancy. Brand awareness and brand preference are in their adolescence but growing quickly. Product quality must be improved and improved product innovation capabilities are needed. Distribution management needs investment and stronger legal enforcement to lower costs and improve efficiency. Price wars must cease to be a national passion. There are many areas for marketing improvement.
As the Chinese economy grows and diversifies customer preferences and behaviors will inevitably change. Already in the more wealthy cities the levels of brand awareness are beginning to approach the levels we see in the United States. US consumers can typically name seven brands in a given category without any aid. In the pharmaceutical category for example Beijing consumers can name almost five brands without aid while in trendy Guangzhou consumers can name almost nine (TC Market Research).
In the key barometers of market change young people we can see both hopeful and troubling signs for Chinese companies. Foreign brands have captured much of the “aspirational” purchase intention of the young with brands like Sony KFC Nike and Levi’s believed to be the best for those who have the money to spend on occasional luxuries. Chinese brands like Lining and Spring Zhang Lumei have good reputations with young people but loyalties are weak and price “look” and quality considerations are still the strongest motivators of purchase. As brand preferences emerge Chinese brands should represent more than just acceptable quality at a good price.
The remarkable fact is that the Chinese market for domestic and foreign companies is growing internally and externally at 8 and has reached a GDP of $1 trillion. While that is one-tenth the U.S. market today the next decade will see a narrowing of the difference. Today the U.S. economy has the strongest marketing engine in the world. China is building its marketing engine. If Chinese producers follow the science of modern marketing management they will get their share of the market’s $10 trillion destiny.
Let’s look at some of the marketing issues facing China today.
Branding:
The traveler to Quingdao sees thousands of balloons emblazoned with the Haier logo lining the road from the airport. The City Hall is a showroom for Haiers refrigerators dishwashers computers flat-screen TVs and mobile phones (NYTimes July 23 2000). Mr. Zhang Ruimin deserves high marks for building great awareness for the Haier brand. Haier refrigerators in 2000 achieved an awareness rating of 41 beating its next competitor Hualing by 35 points and Electrolux by 39 points. Mr. Zhang wants to spread that awareness throughout the world. Advertising and promotion are essential ingredients to branding. But they are not sufficient.
Motorola has opened three high-concept Motorola Towns in Guangzhou Shanghai and Chengdu. These stores are modeled after Nike Town in the U.S. a pioneer in retail entertainment and attract 4000 customers a day. “Motorola’s latest phones are displayed in glass cases like jewels. They look less like communications devices than like lifestyle accoutrements” (NYTimes November 24 2000). Customers spend hours in the carnival atmosphere of the store and indeed may go down the street to buy a preferred phone for 10 less. But it doesn’t matter because a manger says “Improving the image of Motorola is more important than how many phones [they] sell.’’
Motorola has a clear strategic aim to capture and retain the high-end customer. They realize that Chinese competitors like Konka and ZTE will compete on price for their low-end market share. Profitability however rests in mastery of technology and design innovation for the high-end market where margins are higher and competition less severe. Motorola is focusing its branding on the profitable high-end customer segment.
Both Haier and Motorola are successful companies but their behavior illustrates a difference in their approach to branding. For Haier branding is a mass promotional campaign…putting Haier on everyone’s lips. For Motorola branding is a strategic campaign to build perceived value and brand preference in selected target segments. Haier is tactical. Motorola is strategic.
It is speculated that by 2005 only 2-3 domestic brands in China will compete with the foreign majors like Electrolux in household appliances. After swings in the pre-eminence of domestic or foreign brands foreign brands are making a formidable comeback. After entertaining the idea of fleeing from the China market as did Whirlpool Electrolux decided to stay. Electrolux rebuilt its distribution system by learning from Haier and it introduced its world-class after-service. Electrolux now occupies a promising market position. And Whirlpool is back in the game.
Strategic branding is not just building brand awareness. Very well known names can lose their vigor. Where is Pepsident toothpaste or Chesterfield cigarettes in the U.S. What happened to Robert Hall the largest chain of men’s apparel shops Howard Johnson’s Burroughs Wimpies Hallicrafter Lifeboy TWA - moribund brands are legion. All of these were well-advertised and promoted names but they lost the fight to bring superior value to target customer segments. Their competitors like Marlboro Marriott McDonald’s Motorola Crest and British Air did a better job of convincing key customer segments that they delivered superior value.
The key to brand preference is not mass promotion alone but building a sense of trust in the value promised to each of the company’s core customer segments. A great mass brand like McDonald’s launches strategic campaigns to convince families eat there. The McDonald’s playroom as well as its toy programs like Beanie Babies serves that purpose.
Budweiser targets young adult males because they are the largest segment of beer drinkers. Newport targets the African-American smoker segment to anchor itself in the cigarette market. It did not dominate a segment it would disappear among the numerous other cigarette brands. Even mass brands like Coca Cola launch specific products for different segments of the soft drink market. Diet Coke and Sprite join Coke to blanket the market. One size does not fit all.
The biggest challenge for Chinese brands is to take the strategic step from mass advertising and promotion for awareness-building to building perceived value for each key customer target. Mr. Zhang of Haier may be wrong. It is not enough to have the name Haier on everyone’s lips. Fairfield Inn prospers by being known by families Courtyard is known to sales people Marriott is known to utives and now Marriott’s Bulgari Hotels will be known to luxury travelers. Haier may need different names for its high end and low-end refrigerators: a brand system that allows Haier to compete on price without sacrificing its brand value to competitive pricing tactics. After all Whirlpool owns the high-end Kitchen Aid brand Sealy Mattress owns Stearns and Foster.
The Chinese brands that learn the science of market segmentation and branding for target segments will survive to compete with the international brand powers who already know how to do this.
Distribution:
There are 400 brands of cigarettes in China. This defies explanation in an ever-consolidating business world of companies eager to focus their marketing efforts and costs on brands with growth potential. The reason for this fragmentation lies in three factors: 1) The diversity of regional tastes 2) The inadequacy of distribution infrastructure in a vast country 3) The difficulty of cementing and enforcing adherence to dealer agreements. With respect to the first factor business should think of China as a country more like Europe than the United States. Europe has a commercial diversity based upon regional cultures laws tastes and power structures that is only gradually assimilating through political and media forces. By contrast the United States is a remarkably homogeneous marketplace.
The second factor is even more inhibiting. China does not have an integrated transportation infrastructure to support a national distribution network. Domestic companies like Tsingtao Brewery have solved this problem by acquiring 22 local breweries from Shenzhen in the south to Beijing in the North. These breweries are producing and locally distributing the flagship brand as well as lower priced labels. By contrast foreign breweries like Fosters and Anheuser-Busch have failed because they constructed enormous production facilities to deliver a volume of production that exceeded the capabilities of the logistical infrastructure. Foreign companies like Pepsi are learning to set up intricate makeshift connection points between logistical and distribution nodes in order to gets its product to smaller cities and rural areas.
The challenge to marketers goes beyond branding products which is tough enough to do in China to the issue of getting product to market. In some industries strategic marketing has to master a region before moving on to the next region. Is national mass marketing right for a new brand or is it premature The mistakes of Anheuser-Busch and Whirlpool tell us that national brands may need to start out with a more regional focus.
The third factor goes to the heart of building powerful regional and national markets. Goods get to market only when dealers are assured a steady source and consistent quality of supply. And suppliers are assured that dealers will adhere to stipulations of a distribution agreement. The administration of commercial law and the bona fides of personal relationships sustain this mutuality.
Durawool Inc. an American company contracted with Chinas Metallurgical Zuhai Sez United to produce chopped-wool fibers for automotive brake pads. Durawool would market this product to brake manufacturers outside China. Zuhai utives signed a non-disclosure agreement to protect Durawool’s manufacturing process. Subsequently a key manager who did not personally sign the non-disclosure left Zuhai and started his own company using Durawool’s process. The new company Sonny Steel Wool Ltd communicated a lower price offer to Durawool’s customers in the U.S. Sonny’s CEO thought his operation was legitimate since he did not personally sign the non-disclosure agreement. Durawool thought it was violated. A case to enjoin Sunny Wool from export is before the U.S. courts. This is where most breakdowns in distribution agreements end up (NYTimes May 28 1996).
China supports effective channel structures in some industries. A good case in point is Samsung. Samsung developed its distribution strategy for its monitor business in China with a Channel Building team. Instead of establishing agent dealers in separate cities it set up general agencies in seven administrative districts of China including Beijing Shenyang Shangai Nanjing Wuhan Xian Chonquing Chengdu Fuzou and Guangzhou. It recruited ten regional managers for this geographic structure and another ten managers for vertical segments in different industries. Each regional agency works with several distributors who in turn have sub-distributors that serve exclusive regional territories. This organization is the strongest channel management structure in the monitor industry. It has enabled Samsung to become the number one producer of monitors in China (China Business Weekly December 8 2000).
Samsung’s extensive product line local manufacturing capability and painstakingly built national brand all support the costs of an extensive distribution system. The product line in particular supports the distribution investment by permitting a cost effective focused offering to each major region and city. By contrast Sony has so far d only a niche for itself in China. The Sony brand is an aspirational brand with excellent connotations of quality and prestige. But this serves only a small portion of the market and the product line offered in China is relatively small. Hence the Sony distribution system consists of only two general agencies who focus their efforts on the premier urban markets. Sony will benefit in the long run as it extends its high-end image down to the middle of the market and the distribution system will be built out gradually.
Pricing:
For years Chinese brands have been waging a price war. Profitability has been driven down in industries like appliances television and computing equipment. Leading Chinese brands threatened by foreign competitors have used price cuts to maintain their dominance while over-productive industries like appliances have suffered through a “natural selection” process prior to the expected consolidation around 2-3 domestic brands. Building market share through pricing actions is definitively a major part of the competitive game. The strategic question in the midst of a price war is: “how do we position ourselves to own both share-of-market and share-of-heart as the war comes to a close” The big question following in the wake of any price war is: “how can we convince our customers to begin paying for brand value again”
After twenty years of rapid development China has reached a productive capacity in many sectors that exceeds internal market demand. There are twenty million TV sets that remain unsold. Eight million air-conditioners ten million refrigerators and eleven million washing machines join this surplus. The result is savage price wars that deflate the value of consumer and business products. One response to this situation is consolidation of companies in the different industries. But this will not relieve the excess inventory in either the short or medium terms. One popular strategy has been to dump this excess volume through importers into foreign markets leading to anti-dumping litigation and little gain in long-term market penetration potential.
Haier a leading Chinese brand-name manufacturer already has a 25 market share in the U.S. small refrigerators market. Haier Wine Coolers are sold in Best Buy outlets which is a value retailer of discounted 1st tier brands. Haier has recently made moves to diversify its product lines into electronics and other areas. This is one way to capitalize on its success as a manufacturer and brand builder. But there is another strategy available that leading brands around the world are increasingly turning to. Instead of burdening returns on their brand investments with the costs of maintaining diversified product lines they have instead opted to focus their energies on brand management with third party manufacturers carrying the production load. The premier example of this trend is of course Nike.
Can Chinese TV and electronics manufacturers partner with a company like Haier to market a diversified product line in the U.S. under the Haier brand name Should Haier invest in creating burdensome manufacturing assets for unfamiliar technologies or should it focus on product line growth through leveraging its brand assets and marketing expertise
A second strategy for quality manufacturers carrying surplus is to store-brand their products for price-based mass retailers. This would require a joint venture marketing partnership rather than the typical JV manufacturing organizations. These arrangements will fetch a better price than simple “dumping” which is only a bonanza for buyers. The motto should be “Don’t dump…Market instead!” Ames in the U.S. has 298 stores with $79 million in appliances sales. Its shoppers trust the store brand and its promise of quality at a low price. They do not shop at Ames for 1st tier brands. Chinese appliance manufacturers need a private label strategy for this segment of the mass retailer market.
Product:
There are three strategic product issues facing Chinese manufacturers. The first is quality. The second is product specialization. The third is product innovation. Quality improvement can make China more competitive in the market for standard products like refrigerators cell phones and TVs. Product specialization can get China into the high performance segment of product categories. This means higher prices and better margins. The third stage is product innovation which enables China to not only get the highest prices and margins from early adopters of advanced technology but also positions companies for market dominance.
Chinese utives have been wrestling to overturn the general impression that “Made in China” means low quality and low price. In order to succeed in the Chinese market against foreign competitors as well as to win market share for value added brands in global markets managers must match foreign quality. When Zhang Ruimin Chief Executive of Haier assumed direction of Haier he moved with a passion for quality. When a customer complained about a broken refrigerator he stalked through the factory and identified 76 defective appliances. He piled them up and handed sledgehammers to the workers who assembled them. At his signal they all set upon the fridges reducing them to junk. That singular act of destruction impressed on employees that poor quality would no longer be acceptable (NYTimes July 23 2000). This heavy-handed approach paid off. Haier now has 62 distributors and 30000 sales outlets in developed-country markets.
In the era of WTO accession Mr. Zhang believes that Chinese companies will not be able to dominate the Chinese market unless they succeed in capturing market share in the markets of developed countries The quality strategy is not just for export purposes but also for success and profitability in the domestic market.
Lack of improved technology can be costly to Chinese companies. While Chinese manufacturers dominated the VCD market they were slow to develop DVD products. Consequently Panasonic Phillips Sony and Pioneer captured the DVD pie. Chinese companies are just shaving off small slices with copycat products and steep price-cuts. It will be hard to dislodge foreign brands from DVD control.
Some companies are trying to move up the value chain in terms of technology.
The Konka Group has 25 of the Chinese television market selling 4.7 million sets in 1998. In spite of the fact that foreign brands are reaching 40-50 of the domestic market and that foreign technology is perceived to be superior Konka is planning to introduce high definition TV in the U.S. market. It will offer large screen HDTV at half the price of foreign brands. As technology improves and competitive prices decrease Konka feels that it can sustain a significant price difference for the consumer at a profit to the company. Rather than being content to play in the conventional TV segment it is seeking the higher margins of new technology. It is making a leap forward in consumer electronics through technology (NYTimes April 1 1999).
With foreign TV companies seen on store shelves by half the domestic market Chinese manufacturers are convinced that their mainland future requires technological innovation. The era of dominating market share through price-cutting is coming to a close. A GM for Sales at Panda firmly states “without technical support and highly competitive products the industry is beset with difficulties and threats” (China Economic Weekly Feb 26 2001). There are now five state-level R&D institutes pioneering innovation. Skyworth has unveiled a “Green TV” and Xiahua launched a variable frequency TV.
Price cutting wins more share of low-end markets while new product and technology offensives always win at the high end where brand value and long term advantages are d. Phillips and Sharp use China as the first market to launch new state-of-the-art TV models like rear projection TVs and plasma panel TVs. Focused R&D and product introduction strategies can bring China’s companies into this game.
Conclusion The Five Guiding Principles of Marketing for Chinese Firms:
1.Focus marketing strategy on building brand value
2.Price strategically not tactically
3.Bring distribution strategy in line with the long term brand plans
4.Use customer-focused R&D investment to selectively enter high-end markets - both domestic and international
5.Marketing is a learning game. Invest in knowing your customers better because your foreign competitors definitely will!